Sinar UV
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Radiasi ultraungu (sering disingkat UV, dari bahasa Inggris: ultraviolet) adalah radiasi elektromagnetis terhadap panjang gelombang yang lebih pendek dari daerah dengan sinar tampak, namun lebih panjang dari sinar-X yang kecil.
Radiasi UV dapat dibagi menjadi hampir UV (panjang gelombang: 380–200 nm) dan UV vakum (200–10 nm). Dalam pembicaraan mengenai pengaruh radiasi UV terhadap kesehatan manusia dan lingkungan, jarak panjang gelombang sering dibagi lagi kepada UVA (380–315 nm), yang juga disebut "Gelombang Panjang" atau "blacklight"; UVB (315–280 nm), yang juga disebut "Gelombang Medium" (Medium Wave); dan UVC (280-10 nm), juga disebut "Gelombang Pendek" (Short Wave).
Istilah ultraviolet berarti "melebihi ungu" (dari bahasa Latin ultra, "melebihi"), sedangkan kata ungu merupakan warna panjang gelombang paling pendek dari cahaya dari sinar tampak. Beberapa hewan, termasuk burung, reptil, dan serangga seperti lebah dapat melihat hingga mencapai "hampir UV". Banyak buah-buahan, bunga dan benih terlihat lebih jelas di latar belakang dalam panjang gelombang UV dibandingkan dengan penglihatan warna
midbrain
PENGENALAN CARA BELAJAR “MID-BRAIN”(OTAK TENGAH)
Baru-baru ini di masyarakat marak terdapat fenomena yang membuat orang merasa ingin tahu dan merasa gelisah. Yaitu beberapa anak-anak setelah melalui suatu pelajaran dan pelatihan khusus, dapat melihat benda sambil menutup mata, membaca tulisan dan lain sebagainya. Sehingga membuat banyak orang merasa bingung. Menuai berbagai macam reaksi; ada yang sangat gembira, ada juga yang menganggap sebagai aliran sesat; juga ada yang menganggap sejenis tipu muslihat baru untuk menipu uang orang banyak. Apakah sebenarnya kejadian seperti ini? Bila merupakan muslihat penipuan, mengapa tidak ada orang yang menguaknya? Bila benar-benar merupakan pengembangan daya otak, mengapa dengan menutup mata dapat melihat benda? Tidak menggunakan mata dapat melihat benda bukankah sebuah fenomena yang menyesatkan?
Untuk memahami fenomena ini, kita perlu terlebih dahulu dijelaskan oleh pendiri yang mengadakan pelajaran-pelajaran tersebut. Diantaranya adalah ahli teknologi ilmiah komputer Amerika serta ahli dari Asosiasi Spesialis Komputer Inggris (MACP) dan juga Pelatih dan Pelaksana Senior Sertifikasi Program Bahasa Internasional. Melalui penelitian lebih dari sepuluh tahun, mereka berhasil menggunakan teknologi komputer untuk membangkitkan fungsi potensial dari otak manusia.
Penelitian mereka dikhususkan untuk memperhatikan fungsi dari mid-brain terletak ditengah-tengah otak kiri dan otak kanan. Fungsi dari midrbrain adalah sebagai jembatan antara otak kiri dengan otak kanan; dalam kondisi tertidur, interbrain manusia tidak dapat berkembang secara maksimal. Oleh karenanya, fungsi interaktif antara otak kiri dan otak kanan mengalami keterbatasan. Saat ini, banyak ahli meneliti bagaimana membantu keseimbangan operasional otak kanan dan otak kiri. Dari penelitian selama 25 tahun terakhir, terdapat 15 orang yang memperoleh hadiah Nobel dari penelitian terhadap daya otak. Dalam pelatihan dilakukan berbagai pelajaran yang berbeda; seperti mental-aritmatik, pengembangan seluruh otak dan lain sebagainya. Yang mana beberapa hal tersebut merupakan hasil dari penelitian. Tujuannya semua adalah untuk membantu menyeimbangkan penggunaan otak kanan dan otak kiri serta menggali potensi daya otak; yang mana hasilnya berbeda-beda.
Sebuah penemuan yang baru adalah metode yang berbeda dengan lainnya. Berdasarkan ilmu psikologi yang luar biasa, teknik kegeniusan mutakhir, neurolinguistik, ilmu komunikasi, ilmu tingkah laku dan lain sebagainya serta menggunakan teknologi komputer ilmiah mutakhir, dalam waktu yang sangat pendek yaitu satu setengah hari, dapat berhasil mengaktifkan midbrain anak-anak. Hal ini merupakan sebuah prestasi yang dikagumi oleh orang-orang di luar dan di dalam negeri dan juga merupakan kehormatan bagi umat manusia modern.
Umumnya, setelah midbrain diaktifkan, daya ingat mereka dapat meningkat, daya konsentrasi membaik; daya kreasi bertambah, gerakan kinetik juga menjadi lebih baik, hormon menjadi seimbang, serta emosi menjadi stabil dan lain sebagainya. Aktivasi ini sangat jelas terlihat hasilnya bagi anak hiperaktif maupun anak dengan daya ingat yang lemah.
Melalui teknik “Genius Mind”, pelatihan ini disebarluaskan; yang dinamakan dengan “Metode Belajar Midbrain”. Berdasarkan penjelasan para ahli, setelah midbrain diaktifkan, midbrain akan dapat mengeluarkan gelombang otak untuk merasakan dan bereaksi terhadap benda-benda diluar. Dapat dikatakan juga bahwa dengan menutup mata, masih dapat mengenai benda-benda, huruf, warna dan lain sebagainya. Jadi, dengan pelajaran dan pelatihan selama satu setengah hari, akan dapat membantu anak “melihat” dengan menutup mata.
PERBEDAAN DASAR FUNGSI OTAK KANAN & KIRI
Dunia medis di jaman dahulu menganggap bahwa perbedaan fungsi otak kanan dan otak kiri tidaklah besar. Namun, pada saat ini, perbedaan fungsi otak kiri dan otak kanan tidak hanya menjadi pengetahuan yang diakui bersama oleh para praktisi medis pada umumnya, tetapi juga menjadi sebuah cabang ilmu pengetahuan yang khusus diteliti.
Fungsi otak kiri adalah untuk berpikir nalar, analisa, kemampuan berbahasa dan kemampuan menghitung. Dapat dikatakan juga bertanggung jawab terhadap IQ seseorang. Seseorang dengan kecenderungan otak kiri yang lebih dominan lebih egois, mementingkan diri sendiri, mudah iri hati, sombong dan lain sebagainya. Otak kanan bertanggung jawab dalam emosi, daya intuisi, daya kreasi, kesenian, kemampuan refleksi, daya ingat, kepribadian dan lain sebagainya. Yaitu bertanggung jawab terhadap emosi (EQ). Seseorang dengan kecenderungan otak kanan yang lebih dominan cenderung dapat lebih berperasaan serta kurang kemampuan manajerial.
Pendidikan saat ini kebanyakan lebih mengutamakan otak kiri. Sehingga mengakibatkan banyak orang tidak percaya adanya indera intuisi, daya prediksi dan kemampuan perspektif yang merupakan gejala umum dimana fungsi otak kanan tertekan oleh otak kiri.
Tetapi, setelah midbrain diaktifkan, fungsi dari otak kanan dan otak kiri dapat berjalan secara seimbang. Otak kiri tidak lagi menekan otak kanan. Kemampuan prediksi, daya ingat, kesenian dan kemampuan refleks tidak hanya menjadi berkembang, tetapi kemampuan manajerial dan pemahaman mereka juga dapat terpelihara. Orang seperti ini akan lebih memiliki rasa cinta kasih, lebih mencintai orang tua sendiri, termasuk orang yang lebih tua, memiliki kecerdasan dan kerukunan. Memulihkan potensi awal yang semestinya dimiliki oleh umat manusia.
BAGAIMANAKAH MIDBRAIN DIAKTIFKAN?
Di masyarakat, terdapat berbagai metode dalam mengaktifkan midbrain; masing-masing metode memiliki hasil yang berbeda-beda. GMC menggunakan teknologi komputer yang modern; mengaktifkan midbrain melalui kolaborasi dan kemanjuran musik, audio dan lain sebagainya. Dengan prinsip ini, dilakukan pelatihan terhadap janin dengan menggunakan musik “Mozart”. Laporan menyebutkan bahwa setelah bayi lahir, lebih cerdas serta lebih cepat belajar dibanding dengan bayi lainnya.
Letak perbedaannya adalah bayi yang telah tumbuh sekarang telah menjadi anak-anak; jadi, musik atau suara yang digunakan perlu lebih kuat beberapa kali dari musik Mozart. Yang lebih membanggakan adalah: metode yang digunakan oleh GMC memiliki tingkat keberhasilan mencapai 70-80%.
PERANAN ORANGTUA
Bila ingin membantu anak mengembangkan fungsi midbrain, peranan orangtua tidak boleh diabaikan. Midbrain memerlukan perasaan aman dan landasan kepercayaan diri dalam mengaktifkan dan mengembangkannya. Perasaan aman dan percaya diri dalam diri anak berasal dari perlakuan ayah dan ibunya. Dari segi bahasa, ayah dan ibu menentukan kata-kata anak; hasil yang dicapai juga jauh lebih efektif daripada banyak perkataan yang diucapkan oleh orang lain. Oleh karenanya, ayah dan ibu harus memprioritaskan belajar perkataan yang terpuji dan pasti.
Kedua, perlu menyisihkan waktu sedikitnya 20-30 hari untuk membantu anak berlatih. Setiap hari hanya memerlukan latihan selama 15-30 menit. Banyak orangtua yang beranggapan karena kesibukan hidup tidak memiliki waktu untuk mendampingi anak berlatih. Tetapi, bila dihitung anak saling berhubungan dengan orang tuanya seumur hidup misalnya hingga usia 18 tahun, maka 30 hari hanyalah 0.45% dari seluruh waktu tersebut. Bila dalam 30 hari tersebut dapat membuat anak seumur hidup memperoleh manfaat, mengapa tidak bersedia meluangkannya? Apalagi dalam satu hari hanyalah memerlukan waktu yang pendek yaitu 15-30 menit saja.
LANGKAH PERKEMBANGAN POTENSI OTAK
Langkah aktivasi midbrain secara sederhana dapat dibagi menjadi dua bagian – yaitu masa kestabilan awal dan masa pendalaman perkembangan.
1. Masa Kestabilan Awal
Setelah mengikuti pelajaran selama satu setengah hari, midbrain anak akan teraktivasi. Anak dapat merasa sangat gembira juga sangat menarik. Para orang tua juga dapat merasakan kemampuan anak mereka menjadikan mereka merasa bangga. Sangat bersemangat karena ini merupakan penemuan yang baru. Tetapi, ini hanyalah titik awal. Anak-anak dapat melupakan bagaimana mereka memasuki kondisi jalannya midbrain.Lama-kelamaan, sanggup menjadikan midbrain kembali dalam kondisi tertidur dan “tidak melihat”. Jadi, memerlukan latihan setiap hari hingga stabil. Yang dimaksud dengan stabil adalah anak-anak dapat sewaktu-waktu melakukan menutup mata sambil mengenal warna, mengenal huruf, membaca, mengenali benda-benda dan lain sebagainya. Disaat mereka tidak mudah kehilangan kemampuan mereka. Kecuali dalam jangka waktu lama tidak digunakan.
2. Masa Pendalaman
Banyak orang tua berhenti bila mencapai masa stabil. Karena mereka tidak mengetahui bahwa anak masih memiliki potensi yang menunggu untuk dikembangkan. Seorang anak yang benar-benar menggunakan midbrain memiliki karakter yang seimbang, hubungan antar manusia yang baik, suka menolong orang, pandai bergaul, prestasi belajar menonjol dan lain sebagainya. Dan juga, mereka juga dapat menggunakan kemampuan “Extra Sensory Perception / ESP”. Misalkan, mereka dapat memprediksi cuaca besok pagi sehingga dapat merencanakan bagaimana bila keluar rumah.
Potensi ini memerlukan latihan penggunaan midbrain yang terus-menerus dari si anak; dari menutup mata yang dasar berlatih kemampuan menembus pandang; hingga tidak perlu menutup mata, hanya menutup mata dalam berlatih kemampuan menembus pandang; kemudian hingga membuka mata dalam berlatih kemampuan menembus pandang; hingga mencapai indera extra sensory. Pada akhirnya memasuki target dominasi dengan midbrain; memulihkan potensi awal yang seharusnya dimiliki umat manusia. Inilah yang disebut dengan talenta; sehingga mereka berubah menjadi manusia baru dalam jaman modern ini.
HUBUNGAN ANTARA “METODE BELAJAR MENUTUP MATA” & “METODE BELAJAR MIDBRAIN”
Nama “Metode Belajar Menutup Mata” diambil dari sebuah fenomena yang dapat dihasilkan setelah midbrain diaktifkan. Berarti bahwa anak tersebut dapat belajar dengan menutup mata. Tetapi bila ditambah sebuah kata “metode”, maka artinya sama sekali berbeda. “Metode Belajar Menutup Mata” memberikan kesan yang salah bagi banyak orang; bahkan ada beberapa yang salah mengartikan. Banyak orangtua menanyakan bahwa anak memiliki mata kenapa tidak digunakan malahan belajar sambil menutup mata; sepertinya agak melawan alam atau aliran sesat. Arti yang dimaksudkan adalah “metode” “belajar menutup mata” ini cukup efektif; semenjak itu, anak tidak perlu menggunakan mata dalam belajar; bahkan “memejamkan mata” dalam menjalani hidupnya.
Sebenarnya, tujuan akhir setelah midbrain diaktifkan bukanlah meminta orang untuk belajar sambil menutup mata atau memejamkan mata dalam menjalani hidup, tetapi membantu anak-anak memasuki kondisi terbimbing mifbrain. Sehingga mereka dapat secara seimbang menggunakan otak kanan dan otak kiri serta mengembangkan potensi terbesar dari daya otak. Memejamkan mata membantu anak memasuki interbrain. Setelah terbiasa menggunakannya, tidak perlu menutup mata juga dapat menggunakan midbrain; yaitu dengan membuka mata juga dapat mengembangkan keseimbangan otak kanan dan otak kiri; sehingga otak kanan dan otak kiri berkembang secara seimbang.
PERTANYAAN YANG SERING DIAJUKAN
Mengapa dapat melihat dengan menutup mata? Dapatkah melihat setan?
Gelombang otak yang dipancarkan oleh midbrain dapat membuat orang melihat dengan menutup mata. Setan tidak memiliki wujud; gelombang otak tidak dapat merasakannya, sehingga setan tidak terlihat.
Mengapa midbrain dapat tertutup?
Karena tekanan dan kesedihan. Kesedihan merusak otak; sedangkan rasa gembira membuka otak. Bila belum memasuki dominasi midbrain, setelah diaktifkan dapat tertutup kembali. Sehingga memerlukan latihan yang sering untuk memasuki kondisi terdominasi oleh midbrain.
Apakah interbrain setiap anak dapat diaktifkan?
Ada hambatan apa saja?Berdasarkan catatan pelajaran GMC, midbrain pada sekitar 70-80% anak, pada pelajaran pertama dapat berhasil diaktifkan. Asalkan anak tersebut memiliki jiwa yang sehat dan bersedia bekerjasama, dengan usia antara 5-12 tahun, midbrain dapat diaktifkan. Hambatan dalam mengaktifkan midbrain antara lain adalah: tekanan, ketakutan, kurang percaya diri, curiga, tidak mau menerima, berpikir yang tidak-tidak dan lain sebagainya.
Bila anak kita memiliki hambatan tersebut diatas, bagaimanakah penanganannya?
Orang tua dan anak perlu membangun hubungan dan komunikasi yang baik; saling membantu mengatasi hambatan. Menyemangati anak untuk secara rileks mengikuti pelajaran aktivasi. Bila diperlukan, dapat meminta wakil dari GMC untuk membantu. Bila aktivasi pertama kali tidak berhasil, mohon tidak langsung putus asa dan terus melanjutkan pelatihan.
Setelah midbrain anak diaktifkan, apakah dapat menyebabkan gegar otak karena terlalu banyak menggunakan daya otak?
Tidak dapat; setelah midbrain teraktivasi, anak akan menggunakan tiga otak secara seimbang; sehingga tidak terjadi gegar otak. Metode untuk mengaktifkannya menggunakan teknik alami seperti suara, musik, warna, suasana dan lain sebagainya; tidak ada faktor dari luar yang dimasukkan kedalam tubuh (seperti minum obat, suntikan, menggunakan gelang listrik kepala dan lain sebagainya). Tubuh dan otak anak masih sama seperti pada awalnya. Sebaliknya, orang yang midbrainnya belum teraktivasi hanya menggunakan sebagain kecil dari otak kirinya; sehingga dapat mengakibatkan terlalu keras menggunakan daya otak.
Pelajaran dan pelatihan kecerdasarn semacam ini meliputi apa saja? Perlu mengeluarkan berapa banyak biaya untuk mengikuti pelatihan kecerdasan ini?
Selain mengaktifkan interbrain, pelajaran satu setengah hari juga mengajarkan “mind mapping”, “speed reading”, “excellence learning” dan lain sebagainya kepada anak; sehingga anak lebih santai dan gembira dalam membaca. Sebenarnya ini merupakan pelajaran yang paling murah di pasaran; pelajaran lainnya (piano, kesenian dan lainnya) memerlukan waktu yang panjang dan biaya yang banyak. Mengaktifkan midbrain hanya memerlukan satu setengah hari; seumur hidup tetap berguna!
MENGAKTIFKAN OTAK TENGAH
Jalan menuju Genius
1. Apa itu “midbrain” (mesencephalon) dan apa tujuan mengaktifkan otak tengah?
Otak tengah adalah jembatan untuk menghubungkan dan menyeimbangkan fungsi otak kiri dan kanan. Mengaktifkannya akan memungkinkan baik otak kiri maupun kanan berfungsi secara normal. Pengaktifan otak tengah mengembalikan kekuatan otak pada keadaan semulanya.
2. Apakah manfaat dari pengaktifan otak tengah?
Ketika otak tengah diaktifkan , anak anda akan memiliki akses yang mudah ke baik otak kiri maupun kanan. Dengan akses mudah ini, mereka akan belajar, membaca dan mengahafal benda-benda dalam kecepatan yang lebih cepat dan dengan demikian meningkatkan keyakinan, minat dan konsentrasi mereka dalam belajar.
3. Apakah tujuan dari penutupan mata dengan kain?
Dapat melihat ketika mata ditutup merupakan fenomena bagi mereka yang otak tengahnya telah diaktifkan.Oleh karenanya BFR adalah cara untuk membuktikan kepada orang tua bahwa otak tengah telah diaktifkan.
4.Bagaimana kursus dilaksanakan?
GMC tidak menggunakan kekuatan supernatural, meditasi dan hipnosis di dalam kelas. Kursus murni pendidikan secara alami.Murid harus bekerjasama untuk memperoleh manfaat darinya. Dalam 1 ? hari materinya adalah:a) Bagaimana masuk ke dalam “Keadaan Genius” dari pembelajaran.b) Pengaktifan otak tengahc) Menggunakan BFRd) Pembinaan keyakinan dan meningkatkan konsentrasie) Membaca cepat dan konsep pemetaan otak dasar.
5. Apakah orang tua diperbolehkan selama kursus?
Murid-murid perlu memberikan konsentrasi dan perhatian penuh dalam kelas. Oleh karenanya, orang tua tidak diijinkan di dalam kelas untuk mengurangi gangguan terhadap anak-anak. Orang tua diundang untuk menghadiri “brifing” pada akhir sesi pada hari kedua.
6. Apakah manfaat mengikuti Metode “Blindfold Reading”?
Sebagian besar anak-anak mengalami peningkatan dalam ingatan, konsentrasi, kreativitas, persepsi dan stabilitas emosi.Ketika mereka tumbuh, hormonnya akan seimbang dan memiliki kesehatan yang baik.
7. Apa peranan orang tua dalam BFR?
Orang tua harus mengarahkan dan mendorong anak-anak mereka untuk latihan selama 10-15 menit tiap hari. Mereka harus positif, mendorong dan melakukan latihan untuk waktu yang menyenangkan bersama. Kebahagiaan merupakan kunci untuk pengaktifan otak tengah. Ini penting untuk dicatat bahwa anak-anak mereka telah latihan sebelum belajar. Latihan BFR akan menjadi kegiatan sepanjang hidup sebab ini jalan menuju genius.
8. Apakah otak tengah ditutup setelah kegiatan?
Untuk mencegah agar otak tengah tidak tertutup, anak-anak membutuhkan latihan 10-15 menit sekurang-kurangnya tiga kali seminggu. Paling baik latihan tiap hari, seperti persiapan latihan sebelum belajar. Bahkan ketika anak-anak masuk universitas, mereka perlu melakukan hal yang sama. Ini tugas sepanjang hidup untuk melatih otak tengah agar tetap aktif.
biografi Pascal
PASCAL
Blaise Pascal (1623 1662 M) terlahir di Clermont Ferrand pada 19 June 1623. Ayahnya Etienne Pascal, penasehat kerajaan yang kemudian diangkat sebagai presiden organisasi the Court of Aids di kota Clermont. Ibunya wafat saat ia berusia 3 tahun, meninggalkan ia dan dua saudara perempuannya, Gilberte dan Jacqueline. Pada tahun 1631 keluarganya pindah ke Paris.
Sejak usia 12 tahun, ia sudah biasa diajak ayahnya menghadiri perkumpulan diskusi matematik. Ayahnya mengajarinya ilmu bahasa, khususnya bahasa Latin dan Yunani, tapi tidak matematik. Ayahnya sengaja melewatkan pelajaran matematik kepada Pascal semata-mata untuk memancing rasa keingintahuan si anak. Pascal lantas terbiasa berexperimen dengan bentuk-bentuk geometri, serta menemukan rumus-rumus geometri standar dan memberikan nama rumus tersebut dengan namanya sendiri.
Tahun 1640 Pascal sekeluarga pindah ke kota Rouen. Saat itu, ia masih diajari langsung oleh ayahnya, namun Pascal belajar dengan sangat giat bahkan sampai menguras stamina dan kesehatannya sendiri. Jerih payahnya tak sia-sia, akhirnya ia berhasil menemukan teorema Geometri yang menakjubkan.
Kadang-kadang ia menyebut teorema tersebut sebagai "hexagram ajaib” sebuah teorema tentang persamaan persilangan antar garis. Bukan sebuah teorema yang sekedar menghitung keseimbangan bentuk, tapi, lebih mendasar dan penting, yang saat itu sama sekali belum pernah dikembangkan menjadi sebuah cabang ilmu matematik tersendiri – geometri proyeksi. Pascal kemudian menggarapnya jadi sebuah buku, Essay on Conics, yang diselesaikannya sampai tahun 1640, di mana hexagram ajaib menjadi bahasan utama, yang membahas ratusan penghitungan tentang kerucut, juga membahas teorema Apollonius, yang mengagumkan bukan cuma karena usianya yang masih sangat muda saat itu (16 tahun) namun karena penghitungannya juga menyertakan unsure-unsur tangens, dsb.
Menganut Jansenis dan biara Port Royal
Tahun 1646 ayah Pascal mengalami kecelakaan kemudian dirawat di rumah. Beberapa tetangga berkunjung membesuk –kebetulan beberapa diantaranya penganut Jansenist, yang didirikan oleh Cornelis Jansen, seorang professor kelahiran Belanda yang mengajar teologi di Universitas Louvain. Sebuah kepercayaan yang bertentangan dengan ajaran Jesuit. Pascal tampaknya terpengaruh dan menjadi pengikut Jansenists, dan menjadikannya amat menentang ajaran Jesuits. Adiknya, Jacqueline juga berniat ingin masuk biara Jansenist di Port Royal. Ayah Pascal, Etienne Pascal tak menyukai hal ini, kemudian mengajak keluarganya pindah ke Paris, namun setelah ayahnya meninggal pada tahun 1651 Jacqueline bergabung dengan biara Port Royal. Pascal masih sibuk menikmati kehidupan duniawinya --bersama teman-temannya dari kalangan bangsawan-- menghabiskan uang warisan ayahnya. Akhirnya pada tahun 1614, ia sepenuhnya menjadi penganut Jansenisme, dan ia pun memulai kehidupan osteriknya di biara Port Royal.
Provincial Letters
Pada tahun 1655 Antoine Arnauld, seorang penulis kondang mengulas tentang ajaran Jansenisme, yang secara resmi dilarang pemerintah Sorbonne sebagai ajaran bidah, lalu Pascal menjawab tulisan tersebut dengan menulis di media kondang the Provincial Letters dengan menggunakan nama samaran Louis de Montalte, yang bertujuan untuk mempertahankan ajaran Jansenisme. Mereka seolah-olah berpolemik antara dua orang sahabat, mulai dari 13 Januari 1656, hingga 24 Maret 1657. Media the Provincial Letters beroplag ribuan dan beredar ke seluruh pelosok Paris, penganut Jesuits mencoba memancing siapa sebenarnya si penulis tersebut –-dengan cerdiknya malah mengolok-olok mereka yang berusaha mengungkap jati dirinya.
The Pensees Berita tentang kehidupan pribadi Pascal tak banyak terdengar semenjak ia memasuki kehidupan di Port Royal. Saudara perempuannya, Gilberte melihat dia menjalani kehidupan asketis. Pascal, selain tak terlalu suka melihat adik perempuannya sibuk dengan anak-anaknya, juga sebal dengan pembicaraannnya yang melulu soal urusan perempuan. Mulai 1658 penderitaan sakit kepalanya semakin memuncak, akhirnya meninggal pada 19 Agustus 1662.
Ketika wafat Pascal meninggalkan sebuah karya tulis yang belum selesai perihal teologi, the Pensees, sebuah apologi Kekristenan, sehingga , baru diterbitkan 8 tahun kemudian oleh biara Port Royal dalam bentuk yang tak lengkap dan tak jelas. Sebuah versi terbitan yang lebih otentik pertama kali terbit tahun 1844. Yang mengupas tentang problem besar pemikiran Kristen, tentang kepercayaan yang bertentangan dengan Sebab, Kehendak-bebas, dan Pengetahuan-Awal. Pascal menjelaskan kontradiksi dan problem moral kehidupan, doktrin tentang Kejatuhan (keterusiran dari surga) yang menjadi landasan kepercayaan dan menjadi dasar pembenaran dari doktrin Penebusan.
The Pensees, berbeda dengan Provincial Letters, yang ditulis langsung oleh penulisnya, dengan gaya penulisan, yang tentu saja tidak sesuai, dengan kehebatannya sebagai sosok penulis termashur. The Letters, bagaimanapun juga, telah menempatkan Pascal ke dalam sejarah literatur bersama penulis-penulis besar Perancis. The Pensees terasa seolah ditulis oleh orang lain, yang seolah tak terlalu mementingkan soal agama. Namun demikian, meski berbeda antara keduanya, masing-masing tetap merupakan buku-buku penting dalam sejarah pemikiran keagamaan.
Karya-karya Matematik dan Ilmiah lainnya
Pascal juga menulis tentang hidrostatik, yang menjelaskan eksperi¬mennya menggunakan barometer untuk menjelaskan teorinya tentang Persamaan Benda Cair (Equilibrium of Fluids), yang tak sempat dipublikasikan sampai satu tahun setelah kematiannya. Makalahnya tentang Persamaan Benda Cair mendorong Simion Stevin melakukan analisis tentang paradoks hidrostatik dan dan meluruskan apa yang disebut sebagai hukum terakhir hidrostatik: bahwa benda cair menyalurkan daya tekan secara sama-rata ke semua arah (yang kemudian dikenal sebagai Hukum Pascal). Hukum Pascal dianggap penting karena keterkaitan antara Teori Benda Cair dan Teori Benda Gas, dan tentang Perubahan Bentuk tentang keduanya yang kemudian dikenal dengan Teori Hidrodinamik.
Teori Pascal memberikan pengaruhnya pada teori matematik di saat Pascal memulai kehidupan di Port Royal yang digunakan mengatasi problem penghitungan yang berhubungan dengan kurva dan lingkaran, yang juga harus dikuasai oleh matematikawan modern. Ia banyak menerbitkan teorema yang diajukan sebagai tantangan kepada matematikawan lain untuk dipecahkan, tanpa satupun yang menjawabnya. Jawaban kemudian datang dari John Wallis, Christopher Wren, Christian Huygens, dan kawan-kawan, tanpa hasil yang memuaskan. Pascal akhirnya menerbitkan jawabannya sendiri dengan menggunakan nama samaran Amos DettonviIle (kemudian dikenal dengan anagram Louis de Montalte), kemudian matematikawan sekarang sering juga menyebut dirinya dengan nama ini.
Teori matematik probabilitas menjadi berkembang pertama kali ketika terjadi komunikasi antara Pascal dan Pierre de Fermat yang akhirnya menemukan bahwa kedua teori Pascal dan Matematika Probabilitas memiliki kesamaan meski masing-masingnya tetap berdiri sendiri. Pascal merencanakan menulis makalah tentang itu, namun lagi-lagi cuma cuplikan-cuplikan yang ditinggalkannya, yang diterbitkan setelah kematiannya. Ia tak pernah menulis teori matematik yang panjang lebar berbelit-belit, melainkan tulisan-tulisan pendek yang singkat, jelas, dan abadi
http://kolom-biografi.blogspot.com/2009/01/bigrafi-blaise-pascal.html
Fakta-fakta menarik tentang Blaise Pascal
. penemu mesin menambahkan mekanis pada tahun 1642. Blaise Pascal
Penemu: Blaise Pascal
Kriteria . Pertama-adakan. Pertama praktis.
Kelahiran: 19 Juni 1623 di Clermont-Ferrand, Perancis
Kematian: 19 Agustus 1662 di Paris, Perancis
Kebangsaan: Prancis
Blaise Pascal, filsuf Perancis, matematikawan, dan fisikawan, dianggap sebagai salah satu pikiran besar dalam sejarah intelektual Barat. Inventor dari mesin menambahkan mekanis pertama.
Blaise Pascal lahir di Clermont-Ferrand pada 19 Juni 1623, dan keluarganya menetap di Paris pada tahun 1629. Di bawah pengawasan ayahnya, Pascal segera membuktikan dirinya sebagai matematika ajaib, dan pada usia 16 tahun ia merumuskan salah satu teorema dasar geometri proyektif, yang dikenal sebagai Teorema Pascal dan dijelaskan dalam Essai pour les coniques (Essay on Conics, 1639 ).
Pada tahun 1642 ia menemukan mesin menambahkan mekanis pertama. Pascal dibuktikan oleh eksperimen pada 1648 bahwa tingkat merkuri dalam sebuah barometer yang ditentukan oleh peningkatan atau penurunan tekanan atmosfer di sekitarnya daripada oleh sebuah vakum, seperti yang sebelumnya diyakini. Penemuan ini memverifikasi hipotesis dari fisikawan Italia Evangelista Torricelli mengenai efek atmosfer kesetimbangan tekanan pada cairan. Enam tahun kemudian, bersama dengan matematikawan Perancis Pierre de Fermat, Pascal merumuskan teori matematika probabilitas, yang telah menjadi penting dalam bidang-bidang seperti aktuaria, matematika, dan statistik sosial dan sebagai elemen fundamental dalam perhitungan teori fisika modern.
Pascal kontribusi ilmiah penting lainnya termasuk derivasi dari hukum Pascal atau prinsip, yang menyatakan bahwa cairan tekanan mentransmisikan sama di segala penjuru, dan penyelidikan dalam geometri infinitesimal.dia mencerminkan metodologi empiris menekankan pada eksperimentasi sebagai lawan analitis, metode apriori, dan ia percaya bahwa kemajuan manusia yang diabadikan oleh akumulasi penemuan ilmiah yang dihasilkan dari eksperimen tersebut.
Pascal mendukung Jansenisme dan pada 1654 memasuki masyarakat Jansenist di Port Royal, di mana dia memimpin sebuah hidup asketis secara ketat hingga kematiannya delapan tahun kemudian. Pada 1656 ia menulis 18 terkenal Lettres provinciales (Provinsi Surat), di mana ia menyerang para Yesuit untuk usaha mereka untuk mendamaikan naturalisme abad ke-16 dengan ortodoks Katolik Roma.
Dia pernyataan agama paling positif muncul secara anumerta (dia meninggal 19 Agustus 1662); itu diterbitkan dalam bentuk fragmentaris tahun 1670 sebagai agama Apologie de la Chrétienne (Apologi dari Agama Kristen). Dalam fragmen ini, yang kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam karya besar, ia mengajukan alternatif potensial keselamatan dan hukuman kekal, dengan implikasi bahwa hanya dengan konversi untuk Jansenisme keselamatan bisa dicapai. Pascal menyatakan bahwa apakah atau tidak keselamatan itu dicapai, tujuan akhir umat manusia adalah milik alam baka alam supranatural yang hanya dapat diketahui secara intuitif. Pascal akhir pekerjaan penting adalah agama Pensees sur la et sur quelques autres sujets (Thoughts on Agama dan Subjects Lainnya), juga diterbitkan pada 1670. Dalam Pascal Pensees berusaha untuk menjelaskan dan membenarkan kesulitan kehidupan manusia dengan ajaran tentang dosa asal, dan ia berpendapat bahwa wahyu dapat dipahami hanya oleh iman, yang pada gilirannya dibenarkan oleh wahyu.
Tulisan Pascal mendesak penerimaan dari kehidupan Kristen sering berisi aplikasi perhitungan probabilitas, ia beralasan bahwa nilai kebahagiaan abadi adalah tidak terbatas dan bahwa meskipun kemungkinan untuk mendapatkan kebahagiaan dengan agama tersebut mungkin kecil itu jauh lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kursus lainnya perilaku manusia atau kepercayaan. Sebuah reklasifikasi dari Pensees, sebuah kerja hati-hati dimulai pada tahun 1935 dan dilanjutkan dengan beberapa sarjana, tidak merekonstruksi Apologie, tapi memungkinkan pembaca untuk mengikuti rencana yang Pascal sendiri akan mengikuti.
.Pascal adalah salah satu yang paling terkemuka matematikawan dan fisikawan dari hari dan salah satu penulis mistik terbesar dalam literatur Kristen.. Karya agamanya pribadi spekulasi mereka mengenai hal-hal di luar pemahaman manusia. Ia umumnya peringkat di antara yang terbaik polemicists Perancis, terutama di Lettres provinciales, sebuah klasik dalam literatur ironi. Pascal gaya prosa terkenal karena orisinalitas dan, khususnya, karena kurangnya kecerdasanIa mempengaruhi para pembacanya oleh penggunaan logika dan kekuatan penuh semangat dialektika-nya.
KINDS OF TEXT
Narrative
Purpose: To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Evaluation
3. Complication
4. Resolution
5. Reorientation
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Evaluation
3. Complication
4. Resolution
5. Reorientation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Chronologically arranged
The Myth of Malin Kundang ; a narrative text
A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in West Sumatra , a woman and her son lived. They were Malin Kundang and her mother. Her mother was a single parent because Malin Kundang's father had passed away when he was a baby. Malin Kundang had to live hard with his mother.
Malin Kundang was a healthy, dilligent, and strong boy. He usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sold the caught fish in the town.
One day, when Malin Kundang was sailing, he saw a merchant's ship which was being raided by a small band of pirates. He helped the merchant. With his brave and power, Malin Kundang defeated the pirates. The merchant was so happy and thanked to him. In return the merchant asked Malin Kundang to sail with him. To get a better life, Malin Kundang agreed. He left his mother alone.
Many years later, Malin Kundang became wealthy. He had a huge ship and was helped by many ship crews loading trading goods. Perfectly he had a beautiful wife too. When he was sailing his trading journey, his ship landed on a beach near a small village. The villagers recognized him. The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is here”.
An old woman ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She was Malin Kundang’s mother. She wanted to hug him, released her sadness of being lonely after so long time. Unfortunately, when the mother came, Malin Kundang who was in front of his well dressed wife and his ship crews denied meeting that old lonely woman. For three times her mother begged Malin Kundang and for three times he yelled at her. At last Malin Kundang said to her "Enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly woman!" After that he ordered his crews to set sail. He would leave the old mother again but in that time she was full of both sadness and angriness.
Finally, enraged, she cursed Malin Kundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn't apologize. Malin Kundang just laughed and really set sail.
In the quiet sea, suddenly a thunderstorm came. His huge ship was wrecked and it was too late for Malin Kundang to apologize. He was thrown by the wave out of his ship. He fell on a small island. It was really too late for him to avoid his curse. Suddenly, he turned into a stone.
Malin Kundang was a healthy, dilligent, and strong boy. He usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sold the caught fish in the town.
One day, when Malin Kundang was sailing, he saw a merchant's ship which was being raided by a small band of pirates. He helped the merchant. With his brave and power, Malin Kundang defeated the pirates. The merchant was so happy and thanked to him. In return the merchant asked Malin Kundang to sail with him. To get a better life, Malin Kundang agreed. He left his mother alone.
Many years later, Malin Kundang became wealthy. He had a huge ship and was helped by many ship crews loading trading goods. Perfectly he had a beautiful wife too. When he was sailing his trading journey, his ship landed on a beach near a small village. The villagers recognized him. The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is here”.
An old woman ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She was Malin Kundang’s mother. She wanted to hug him, released her sadness of being lonely after so long time. Unfortunately, when the mother came, Malin Kundang who was in front of his well dressed wife and his ship crews denied meeting that old lonely woman. For three times her mother begged Malin Kundang and for three times he yelled at her. At last Malin Kundang said to her "Enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly woman!" After that he ordered his crews to set sail. He would leave the old mother again but in that time she was full of both sadness and angriness.
Finally, enraged, she cursed Malin Kundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn't apologize. Malin Kundang just laughed and really set sail.
In the quiet sea, suddenly a thunderstorm came. His huge ship was wrecked and it was too late for Malin Kundang to apologize. He was thrown by the wave out of his ship. He fell on a small island. It was really too late for him to avoid his curse. Suddenly, he turned into a stone.
(Re-written from www.st.rim.or.jp)
Narrative Analysis on Generic Structure
Many believe that a story can teach a society certain moral value. Most stories are build in narrative. Because it is a narrative story, it must consists of complication. That complication, in fact, is the moral value which like to be taught.
Orientation; the first paragraph is set to be the story introduction. Reading the orientation, reader will know that the story is characterized with Malin Kundang and his mother. Wes Sumatra is set as the place.
Complication; this is the main element of narrative story. From the Malin Kundang myth, we know that there are more than one complication. Many stories are composed with multi complications. They are minor complication and major complication. When Malin Kundang and her mother did life hard, it can be the minor complication. this hard life in the first time was solved by his successful trading as new merchant. However this narrative sotry is more interesting when we see the major complication among the participants- Malin Kundang denied his mother after being successful merchant. In every story, complication must be ended; happy ending or sad one
Resolution; this is the end of the story, the sad ending one. Malin Kundang faces his curse of turning into a stone.
Orientation; the first paragraph is set to be the story introduction. Reading the orientation, reader will know that the story is characterized with Malin Kundang and his mother. Wes Sumatra is set as the place.
Complication; this is the main element of narrative story. From the Malin Kundang myth, we know that there are more than one complication. Many stories are composed with multi complications. They are minor complication and major complication. When Malin Kundang and her mother did life hard, it can be the minor complication. this hard life in the first time was solved by his successful trading as new merchant. However this narrative sotry is more interesting when we see the major complication among the participants- Malin Kundang denied his mother after being successful merchant. In every story, complication must be ended; happy ending or sad one
Resolution; this is the end of the story, the sad ending one. Malin Kundang faces his curse of turning into a stone.
Posted in Narrative by Admin
Descriptive
Purpose: to describe a particular person, place or thing in detail.
Generic Structure:
1. General statement
2. Explanation
3. Closing
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.
Analyzing the Text
Generic Structure Analysis
Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described in general; Borobudur temple
Description; describing the Borobudur temple in parts; eight terraces of Borobudur temple and its characteristics
Language Feature Analysis
Using adjective and classifiers; valuable
Using simple present tense;
Posted in Descriptive by Admin
Recount
Purpose: to retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Reorientation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adjectives
Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. Both are telling something in the past so narrative and recount usually apply PAST TENSE; whether Simple Past Tense, Simple Past Continuous Tense, or Past Perfect Tense. The ways narrative and recount told are in chronological order using time or place. Commonly narrative text is found in story book; myth, fable, folklore, etc while recount text is found in biography.
The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure in which they are constructed. Narrative uses conflicts among the participants whether natural conflict, social conflict or psychological conflict. In some ways narrative text combines all these conflicts. In the contrary, we do not find these conflicts inside recount text. Recount applies series of event as the basic structure
The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure in which they are constructed. Narrative uses conflicts among the participants whether natural conflict, social conflict or psychological conflict. In some ways narrative text combines all these conflicts. In the contrary, we do not find these conflicts inside recount text. Recount applies series of event as the basic structure
Let me remind you my experience during an earthquake last week. When the earthquake happened, I was on my car. I was driving home from my vocation to Bali .
Suddenly my car lunched to one side, to the left. I thought I got flat tire. I did not know that it was an earthquake. I knew it was an earthquake when I saw some telephone and electricity poles falling down to the ground, like matchsticks.
Then I saw a lot of rocks tumbling across the road. I was trapped by the rock. Even I could not move my car at all. There were rocks everywhere. There was nothing I could do but left the car and walked along way to my house, in the town.
When I reached my town, I was so surprised that there was almost nothing left. The earthquake made a lot of damage to my town. Although nothing was left, I thanked God that nobody was seriously injured.
Analyzing the Text
Generic Structure Analysis
Orientation; introducing the participant, using first person point of view, I was on the car las week.
Events; describing a series of event which happened. The car lunched to one side. Telephone and electricity poles was falling down, etc.
Re-orientation; stating the writer's personal note. Thanking God because nobody was seriously injured.
Language Feature Analysis
Using personal participant; I
Using chronological connectives; then, and, suddenly
Using linking verb; was, were
Using action verb; moved, left, walked, made, etc
Using simple past tense pattern; earthquake happened, I was on the car, my car lunched on one side, etc
Suddenly my car lunched to one side, to the left. I thought I got flat tire. I did not know that it was an earthquake. I knew it was an earthquake when I saw some telephone and electricity poles falling down to the ground, like matchsticks.
Then I saw a lot of rocks tumbling across the road. I was trapped by the rock. Even I could not move my car at all. There were rocks everywhere. There was nothing I could do but left the car and walked along way to my house, in the town.
When I reached my town, I was so surprised that there was almost nothing left. The earthquake made a lot of damage to my town. Although nothing was left, I thanked God that nobody was seriously injured.
Analyzing the Text
Generic Structure Analysis
Orientation; introducing the participant, using first person point of view, I was on the car las week.
Events; describing a series of event which happened. The car lunched to one side. Telephone and electricity poles was falling down, etc.
Re-orientation; stating the writer's personal note. Thanking God because nobody was seriously injured.
Language Feature Analysis
Using personal participant; I
Using chronological connectives; then, and, suddenly
Using linking verb; was, were
Using action verb; moved, left, walked, made, etc
Using simple past tense pattern; earthquake happened, I was on the car, my car lunched on one side, etc
Posted in Recount by Admin
Report
Purpose: to presents information about something, as it is.
Generic Structure
1. General classification
2. Description
Dominant Language Feature
1. Introducing group or general aspect
2. Using conditional logical connection
3. Using Simple Present Tense
Human body is actually a living machine and is like all other machines. This living machine needs fuel to supply it with energy. The fuel is provided by the food which we eat. However do we know how much we need to stay healthy?
The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat which is required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree C. The number of calories which people need per day varies. It depends on the activity which the people are involved in. For example; people will need more calories for standing than for sitting, people need more for running than for walking, etc.
The energy which is provided by food is in the form of three kinds of chemical substances. They are carbohydrate, protein and fat. Carbohydrate provides 8.8 calories per gram (cal/gm) of energy, protein 4.0 cal/gm and fat 8.0 cal/gm. Each food contains different proportion of these substances.These three chemical substances are all important for body staying healthy.
Report Text Notes
Report often starts discussion with brief definition or classification about the thing discussed. The first paragraph matches with the brief definition of body energy.
After brief definition or classification paragraph, report text is commonly followed by the important fact about the topic. The second and third paragraphs tell the important information about the body energy; how it comes from and what form it is available.
Report text is commonly featuring technical or scientific term. Calories, carbohydrate, protein, fat etc are some of the example.
The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat which is required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree C. The number of calories which people need per day varies. It depends on the activity which the people are involved in. For example; people will need more calories for standing than for sitting, people need more for running than for walking, etc.
The energy which is provided by food is in the form of three kinds of chemical substances. They are carbohydrate, protein and fat. Carbohydrate provides 8.8 calories per gram (cal/gm) of energy, protein 4.0 cal/gm and fat 8.0 cal/gm. Each food contains different proportion of these substances.These three chemical substances are all important for body staying healthy.
Report Text Notes
Report often starts discussion with brief definition or classification about the thing discussed. The first paragraph matches with the brief definition of body energy.
After brief definition or classification paragraph, report text is commonly followed by the important fact about the topic. The second and third paragraphs tell the important information about the body energy; how it comes from and what form it is available.
Report text is commonly featuring technical or scientific term. Calories, carbohydrate, protein, fat etc are some of the example.
Posted in Report by Admin
Review
Purpose: to critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience
dominant Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Evaluation
3. Interpretative Recount
4. Evaluation
5. Evaluative Summation
Dominant Language features:
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor
dominant Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Evaluation
3. Interpretative Recount
4. Evaluation
5. Evaluative Summation
Dominant Language features:
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor
It is about a young mother. It has a title of yummy mummy. This blog is representative of her idea of becoming young mother. He pours her thought and opinion on this blog in relating her position of a mother of kid and a wife of a husband. Beside that, she is trying to monetizing it
This blog has fresh physical appearance. She choose green border of her template. She is young therefore she has to have a blog look fresh and energetic. She looks to have strong care to her baby that is why we find her monthly calendar of feeding milk to her baby attaches on the header of the blog.
She is not only a good mother for her baby but also a good wife for her husband. She expresses it in her post labeled wedding anniversary. It is a romantic scene. In the last she is monetizing this blog. It must help her husband support financially the family. It is really a reference blog for every young mother and wife.
This blog has fresh physical appearance. She choose green border of her template. She is young therefore she has to have a blog look fresh and energetic. She looks to have strong care to her baby that is why we find her monthly calendar of feeding milk to her baby attaches on the header of the blog.
She is not only a good mother for her baby but also a good wife for her husband. She expresses it in her post labeled wedding anniversary. It is a romantic scene. In the last she is monetizing this blog. It must help her husband support financially the family. It is really a reference blog for every young mother and wife.
Posted in Review by Admin
Purpose: to help readers how to do or make something completely
Generic Structure:
1. Goal/Aim
2. Materials/Equipments
3. Steps/Methods
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using Imperatives sentence
3. Using adverb
4. Using technical terms
writing something for your business can be pretty intimidating. Well, you don't have to.
Here's a simple checklist to follow. I'm not saying that following these rules will make your company the next Google, but it will help.
Firstly, take the topic of benefits, not features. Your customers don't care about you. They want to know "What's in it for me?"
Secondly, write your benefit like you talk it. Use regular words. Read aloud what you've written. How does it sound?
Thirdly, lose the weak words. Don't describe how your company may, might or should help customers but talk about how your company will.
Fourthly, Use a nice rhythm. Some sentences are long and some are short. Mix them up and keep things interesting.
Fifthly,re-read what you've done before publishing. Edit it necesarily. It's so easy to make mistakes which you don't notice the first time through.
Simplified from: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Daniel_F_O'connor
Here's a simple checklist to follow. I'm not saying that following these rules will make your company the next Google, but it will help.
Firstly, take the topic of benefits, not features. Your customers don't care about you. They want to know "What's in it for me?"
Secondly, write your benefit like you talk it. Use regular words. Read aloud what you've written. How does it sound?
Thirdly, lose the weak words. Don't describe how your company may, might or should help customers but talk about how your company will.
Fourthly, Use a nice rhythm. Some sentences are long and some are short. Mix them up and keep things interesting.
Fifthly,re-read what you've done before publishing. Edit it necesarily. It's so easy to make mistakes which you don't notice the first time through.
Simplified from: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Daniel_F_O'connor
Analyzing the Text
Generic Structure Analysis
Goal; informing on how to write for business
Material; excluded
Steps/ method; showing the method in writing for business; choosing the advantageous topic, writing the topic like the way it is talked, re-reading what have been written .
Language Feature Analysis
Imperative sentences; write like you talked, re-read what you have done, etc
Action verb; write, read, etc
Temporal conjunction, firstly, secondly, etc
Posted in Procedure by Admin
Explanation
Purpose: To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or socio-cultural phenomena.
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Identification
2. Description
Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Using special technical terms
Why Eiffel Tower was Built
If we talk about the Wonders of the World buildings, then we will see Eiffel Tower as one of them. However many of us do not know the tower’s past history on why it was build. Everything has the reasonable background, especially for the tower which is to be one of the most recognized buildings in the world.
Primarily, the Eiffel Tower was built for the World Exhibition. It was called Paris Exposition in 1889. The exhibition was organized to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution. The purpose of building Eiffel Tower in such structure was to show to the world France ’s advancement of technology and beauty. The Eiffel Tower was designed by Gustave Eiffel. It seemed that then the name of the tower was derived from the designer’s last name, “Eiffel”
Another reason on why the tower was built was for scientific progress. Although few realized it, the Eiffel Tower would become the prominent structure in terms of science and technology. Many experiment with temperature, pressure and pendulums were performed atop the unique famous building. Additionally the Eiffel Tower was used for radio transmission tower. Many experiments were conducted atop the Eiffel Tower for radio transmission advancement. Once the Eiffel Tower was proposed to be demolished but it was spared because the tower had the promising future as a radio tower.
(Simplified from http://ezinearticles.com/)
Generic Structure of Explanation Text
The best discourse on how and what is explanation text is answering the question word “how” and “why”. Such question words need detail explanation on it relates. However, explanation text is written in narrative style and not instructional. If it is written for the purpose of instruction, then the text genre will be labeled as PROCEDURE.
From the above example of explanation text, we see that it has the generic structure as follow:
General Statement; the introduction of the passage on why the Eiffel Tower was built.
Sequenced Explanation; this is the main element of explanation text. This explanation is explored to answer the “why” or “how” question introduced in the general statement. From the example above, the text was written to explain why, not how, the Eiffel Tower was built. Then it elaborates the reasons. First is for the show case and the second is for scientific and technological purposes.
Posted in Explanation by Admin
Anecdote
Purpose: to share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident
Generic Structure:
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Reaction
5. Coda.
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers
2. Using material process
3. Using temporal conjunctions
There was a black family in Scotland years ago. They were Clark family with nine children. They had a dream to go to America . The family worked and saved. They were making plan to travel with their children to America . It had taken several years but finally they had saved enough money. They had gotten passport. They had booked seats for the whole family member in a new liner to America .
The entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their new life in America . However few days before their departure, the youngest son was bitten by a dog. The doctor sewed up the boy. Because of the possibility of getting rabies, there were being quarantined for long days. They were in quarantine when the departure time came. The family dreams were dashed. They could not make the trip to America as they had planned.
The father was full of disappointed and anger. He stomped the dock to watch the ship leaved without him and his family. He shed tears of disappointment. He cursed both his son and God for the misfortune.
Five days latter, the tragic news spread throughout Scotland . The ship, the mighty Titanic, had shank. It took hundreds of passenger and crew with it. Titanic which had been called the unsinkable ship had sunk. It was unbelievable but it was.
The Clak family should have been on that ship, but because of the bitten son by a dog, they were left behind. When the father heard the news, he hugged the son and thanked him for saving the family. He thanked God for saving their lives. It was a blessing behind a tragedy. (Adapted from Look Ahead 2)
Generic Structure Analysis
Abstract: Everybody has a dream. You have and so do I. When the dream will come true, there is something wrong last minute before it. What will we feel? What will we do?
Abstract: Everybody has a dream. You have and so do I. When the dream will come true, there is something wrong last minute before it. What will we feel? What will we do?
Orientation: the Clak family lived in Scotland . They had dream to travel to America . They prepared well for their plan
Crisis: few days before they went to America , his youngest son was bitten by a dog. It made they were being quarantined. They had to forget their plan.
Incident: the family was full of disappointment and anger. The father was angry with his son and God. The family failed to travel to America and the father could not accept it.
Coda: the father thank to his son when he hear the ship sank. He thank to God because of saving the family from sinking. He thought leaving behind the ship was not a tragedy but a blessing.
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Spoof
Purpose: to tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Twist
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Chronologically arranged
Soon after he left college, Dave found one of his uncles who was very rich and had no children of his own died and left him a lot of money, so he decided to set up his own real estate agency.
Dave found a nice office. He bought some new furniture and moved in. he had only been there for e few hours when he heard someone coming toward the door of his office.
“It must be my first customer” Dave thought. He quickly picked up the telephone and pretended to be very busy answering an important call from someone in New York who wanted to buy a big and expensive house in the country.
The man knocked at the door while this was going on. He came in and waited politely for Dave to finish his conversation on the phone. Then the man said to Dave; “I am from the telephone company and I was sent here to connect your telephone”
Notes on the Spoof’s Generic Structure
Orientation: Dave was a lucky man. He suddenly became a very rich man because of the death of his rich uncle who had no children. He inherited his uncle’s money.
Event 1: Being rich, he wanted to set up his estate company
Event 2: He had his new office. In his office, he pretended to be a very successful businessman. He acted as had an important client. He showed by making conversation on the phone.
Twist: The man whom he showed is a telephone technician. He came to Dave’s office to connect that phone.
Posted in Spoof by Admin
Analitical Exposition
Purpose: To reveal the readers that something is the important case
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Reiteration/Conclusion
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using modals
2. Using action verbs
3. Using thinking verbs
4. Using adverbs
5. Using adjective
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using connectives/transition
Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About 50 thousands people die every year in Britain as direct result of smoking. This is seven times as many as die in road accidents. Nearly a quarter of smokers die because of diseases caused by smoking.
Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes a day, we are six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day, the risk is nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are people who are smoking. Smokers are two and half times more likely to die of heart disease than non smokers.
Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and pneumonia. In one hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as much as substance causing cancer as if he had smoked fifteen cigarettes.
Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make much money from smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for every body else.
Notes on the generic structure of this example of analytical exposition
As we know that both analytical exposition and hortatory exposition are classified as argumentative essay. Both present argument to support the thesis state in the orientation. This thesis places the writer’s position on the essay. From the generic structure, what make big different is that analytical exposition ends with paragraph to strengthen the thesis while hortatory makes a recommendation for readers.
As we know that both analytical exposition and hortatory exposition are classified as argumentative essay. Both present argument to support the thesis state in the orientation. This thesis places the writer’s position on the essay. From the generic structure, what make big different is that analytical exposition ends with paragraph to strengthen the thesis while hortatory makes a recommendation for readers.
Thesis: This pre-conclusive paragraph states the writer’s point of view about the topic discussed. Writer has show himself in clear position of the discussed topic. Paragraph 1 is the thesis of this analytical exposition text. It states the fact of the very fatal impact of the smoking habit. Clearly the writer wants to say that smoking is not a good habit.
Arguments: Presenting arguments in analytical exposition text is as important as giving conflict plot in narrative text. The series of argument will strengthen the thesis stated before. In this example of analytical exposition text, paragraph 2 and 3 are the detail arguments presented in a reporting fact to support that smoking is not good even for smokers themselves. Furthermore, people who do not smoke but they are in smoky area have the bad effect too from the smoking habit.
Reiteration: This end paragraph actually is restating the thesis. It is something like conclusive paragraph from the previous arguments. The last paragraph of this example of analytical exposition points again that smoking is not good for smokers and people around smokers. However smoking is very good for Cigarette Companies
Posted in Analytical Exposition by Admin
Discussion
Purpose: to present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue (‘For/Pros’ and ‘Against/Cons’)
Generic Structure:
1. Issue
2. Arguments for and against
3. Conclusion
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Use of relating verb/to be
3. Using thinking verb
4. Using general and abstract noun
5. Using conjunction/transition
6. Using modality
7. Using adverb of manner
The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power
Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of the world. The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria , England in 1956.
Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world's energy needed, and produces huge amounts of energy. It cause no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear plant are as follow:
Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world's energy needed, and produces huge amounts of energy. It cause no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear plant are as follow:
It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to make.
It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.
It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.
It produces small amount of waste.
It is reliable.
On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is reliable, a lot of money has to be spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident ca be a major accident.
People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990's nuclear power was the fastest growing source of power in many parts of the world.
People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990's nuclear power was the fastest growing source of power in many parts of the world.
Note on the Generic Structure of Discussion Text
Discussion is a process to find the meet point between two different ideas. It is important to to get the understanding between the two differences. In many social activities, discussion is the effective way to calm down any friction and difference in thought, perception and recommendation.
This example of discussion text present the two poles, between the advantage and disadvantage of using nuclear plant to fulfill the energy needed. It is a case which need to be talked and discussed from two points. They are represented in the generic structure which is used:
Stating the Issue: In the first paragraph, it is stated that using nuclear power can be the choice in fulfilling the needed energy.
Supporting Point: In the second paragraph, it is presented the advantages of nuclear power plant to be used as the source of the world's energy needed
Contrastive Point: The third paragraph shows the balance. It gives the contradictory idea in using nuclear power plant as the resource of energy.
Recommendation: This text is ended with a similar recommendation on how people should concern in the matter of nuclear energy.
This example of discussion text present the two poles, between the advantage and disadvantage of using nuclear plant to fulfill the energy needed. It is a case which need to be talked and discussed from two points. They are represented in the generic structure which is used:
Stating the Issue: In the first paragraph, it is stated that using nuclear power can be the choice in fulfilling the needed energy.
Supporting Point: In the second paragraph, it is presented the advantages of nuclear power plant to be used as the source of the world's energy needed
Contrastive Point: The third paragraph shows the balance. It gives the contradictory idea in using nuclear power plant as the resource of energy.
Recommendation: This text is ended with a similar recommendation on how people should concern in the matter of nuclear energy.
Posted in Discussion by Admin
Hartatory Exposition
Purpose: to persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or be done
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
Dominant Language features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using modals
3. Using action verbs
4. Using thinking verbs
5. Using adverbs
6. Using adjective
7. Using technical terms
8. Using general and abstract noun
9. Using connectives/transition
Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition. In simple word. Analytical is the answer of "How is/will" while hortatory is the answer of "How should". Analytical exposition will be best to describe "How will student do for his examination? The point is the important thing to do. But for the question" How should student do for his exam?" will be good to be answered with hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
Dominant Language features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using modals
3. Using action verbs
4. Using thinking verbs
5. Using adverbs
6. Using adjective
7. Using technical terms
8. Using general and abstract noun
9. Using connectives/transition
Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition. In simple word. Analytical is the answer of "How is/will" while hortatory is the answer of "How should". Analytical exposition will be best to describe "How will student do for his examination? The point is the important thing to do. But for the question" How should student do for his exam?" will be good to be answered with hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done
The National examination result will be publicly enounced in next short time. Euphoria will flood for those who get success. In the other hand, It will be sorry to hear that there are some of them do not succeed in their national final examination. For those who succeed soon will think to decide; where will they be after graduating high school? Actually it will be easy to decide for those has been arranged and thought earlier but for those have not planed yet, it will be quite confusing.
Continuing study or looking for work is the primary choice among them. When they think about continuing study, they will think hard about the time and cost. How long the higher study will last? And how high is about the cost. In the same way, when they think about straightly seeking job, what skill and competence they have got is a big matter of questioning. So, doing both choices in the same time is an alternative.
Continuing study as well as seeking job is possibly done but it will be hard for them. Conventionally studying in the university needs much time to spend especially in the first year. It is true because they have to do and adapt a lot of things in their new higher school. it will be very hard to looking for job. Therefore it should come to their mind of continuing studying at higher school from their own home. As result, the available time will be more flexible for them. Then it will be very possible to seek job and get the appropriate one. This type of studying is publicly known as distance learning.
As the alternative method of studying, besides the conventional studying which students and the lecturer have to meet in the fixed time and place regularly, distance learning provides possibility to grow better. Possibly working and studying surely will create high quality graduate. Distance learning should appear as a considerable choice for them.
Posted in Hortatory Exposition by Admin
News Item
Purpose: to inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Newsworthy event(s)
2. Background event(s)
3. Sources
Dominant Language Features:
1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
2. Using action verbs
3. Using saying verbs
4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Newsworthy event(s)
2. Background event(s)
3. Sources
Dominant Language Features:
1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
2. Using action verbs
3. Using saying verbs
4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner
Malaysian Deputy Health Ministry urged every woman to carry a condom to protect against HIV, a news report said.
“This is not to debate them but to protect them. Women are the first ones to get exploited by their partners (whom are infected by HIV-positive)” Abdul Latiff Ahmad was quoted as saying by Sunday Star Newspaper. “But this just a suggestion, it’s up to them”.
Abdul latiff made remark to coincide with the International Aids Memorial day, which was celebrated openly for the first time inMalaysia , in bid to reduce stigma for HIV-victim. In the past the event was held behind closed door.
Last year, 745 Malaysian women were identified as HIV-positive and 193 were diagnosed with AIDS, he said in the report. Officials have said nearly 81000 Malaysian have been infected with HIV, less then 10 percent are woman, but the number is steadily rising.
Malaysian Aids Council president, Adeebah Kamarulzaman, was quoted as saying besides sex workers, many women who contract HIV are housewives, were infected unknowingly by their husbands. “It’s not that people don’t know that condoms can protect them. But there are some men who don’t care to take precaution, even though they know they have HIV” she said.
“This is not to debate them but to protect them. Women are the first ones to get exploited by their partners (whom are infected by HIV-positive)” Abdul Latiff Ahmad was quoted as saying by Sunday Star Newspaper. “But this just a suggestion, it’s up to them”.
Abdul latiff made remark to coincide with the International Aids Memorial day, which was celebrated openly for the first time in
Last year, 745 Malaysian women were identified as HIV-positive and 193 were diagnosed with AIDS, he said in the report. Officials have said nearly 81000 Malaysian have been infected with HIV, less then 10 percent are woman, but the number is steadily rising.
Malaysian Aids Council president, Adeebah Kamarulzaman, was quoted as saying besides sex workers, many women who contract HIV are housewives, were infected unknowingly by their husbands. “It’s not that people don’t know that condoms can protect them. But there are some men who don’t care to take precaution, even though they know they have HIV” she said.
(Source The Jakarta Post, June 01, 2008)
Generic Structure Analysis
News worthy event: Malaysian women is urged to carry condoms to protect HIV.
Background event 1: International Memorial Day was held openly inMalaysia to reduce stigma for HIV victims.
Background event 2: The number of Malaysian women who are infected with HIV is steadily rising.
Source: Malaysian Aids Council president said that there were some men who did not care to take precaution even though they knew they had HIV
News worthy event: Malaysian women is urged to carry condoms to protect HIV.
Background event 1: International Memorial Day was held openly in
Background event 2: The number of Malaysian women who are infected with HIV is steadily rising.
Source: Malaysian Aids Council president said that there were some men who did not care to take precaution even though they knew they had HIV
Posted in News Item by Admin